Alfred Binet and the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale

Alfred Binet and the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale October 17, 2019 Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best Known For Early Life Career Binet's Intelligence Test Contributions Selected Publications In His Own Words Alfred Binet was a French psychologist best-remembered for developing the first widely used intelligence test. The test originated after the French government commissioned Binet to develop an instrument that could identify school kids that needed remedial studies. With his collaborator Theodore Simon, they created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.?? Lewis Terman later revised the scale and standardized the test with subjects drawn from an American sample and the test became known as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. The test is still in use today and remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.?? Best Known For Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale??Stanford-Binet IQ Test?? Early Life Alfred Binet was born Alfredo Binetti  on July 8, 1857,? in Nice, France. His father, a physician, and his mother, an artist, divorced when he was young and Binet then moved to Paris with his mother.?? After graduating from law school in 1878, Binet initially planned to follow in his fathers footsteps and enroll in medical school. He began to study science at Sorbonne but soon began educating himself in psychology by reading works by individuals such as Charles Darwin and John Stuart Mill.?? Career Binet began working at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris under the guidance of Jean-Martin Charcot. Afterward, he moved to a position at the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology where he was the associate director and researcher. In 1894, Binet was appointed the director of the lab and he remained in this position until his death in 1911.?? Binets early support of Charcots research on hypnotism resulted in professional embarrassment when Charcots ideas faltered under closer scientific evaluation. He soon turned his interest toward the study of development and intelligence, often basing his research on observations of his two daughters.?? While Alfred Binets interests were broad and quite diverse, he is most famously known for his work on the topic of intelligence. Binet was asked by the French government to develop a test to identify students with learning disabilities or who required special help in school.?? Binets Intelligence Test Binet and colleague Theodore Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities. Rather than focus on learned information such as math and reading, Binet instead concentrated on other mental abilities such as attention and memory. The scale they developed became known as the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale.?? The test was later revised by psychologist Lewis Terman and became known as the Stanford-Binet. While Binets original intent was to use the test to identify children who needed additional academic assistance, the test soon became a means to identify those deemed feeble-minded by the eugenics  movement.??  Eugenics was the belief that the human population could be genetically improved by controlling who was allowed to have children. By doing this, the eugenicists believed they could produce more desirable inherited characteristics. This shift in how the test was used is notable since Binet himself believed that the intelligence test he had designed had limitations. He believed that intelligence was complex and could not be fully captured by a single quantitative measure. He also believed that intelligence was not fixed. Perhaps most importantly, Binet also felt that such measures of intelligence were not always generalizable and could only apply to children with similar backgrounds and experiences.?? Alfred Binets Contributions to Psychology Today, Alfred Binet is often cited as one of the most influential psychologists in history. While his intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence tests, Binet himself did not believe that his test measured a permanent or inborn degree of intelligence. According to Binet, an individuals score can vary. He also suggested that factors such as motivation and other variables can play a role in test scores. Selected Publications Binet, A. (1916). New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals. In E. S. Kite (Trans.), The development of intelligence in children. Vineland, NJ: Publications of the Training School at Vineland. (Originally published 1905 in LAnnée Psychologique, 12, 191-244.) Binet. A., Simon, T. (1916). The development of intelligence in children. Baltimore, Williams Wilkins. (Reprinted 1973, New York: Arno Press; 1983, Salem, NH: Ayer Company). In His Own Words Some recent philosophers seem to have given their moral approval to these deplorable verdicts that affirm that the intelligence of an individual is a fixed quantity, a quantity that cannot be augmented. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism; we will try to demonstrate that it is founded on nothing. - Alfred Binet, Les idées modernes sur les enfants, 1909??

Chapter 11 Bio Review Essay - 1140 Words

Andrew Eguia Dr. Harjani Medical Biology P5 2/14/12 Chapter 11 Review P216 1. DNA consists of subunits called nucleotides. Each subunit consists of three parts: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and base. 2. The subunits of DNA are assembled by linking the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of the next. As it is found in chromosomes, two DNA polymers are bound together into a structure called a double helix. 3. The â€Å"base-paring rule† in DNA is that adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. Bases that can form pairs in DNA are called a complementary base pair. 4. When DNA is replicated, two new DNA double helices are formed, each consisting of one parental strand and one new, daughter strand.†¦show more content†¦The structure of DNA is compared to that of a spiral ladder. A complementary base pair, held together by a hydrogen bond, creates the â€Å"rungs† of the ladder. The sugar and phosphate together create the backbone, or the sides of the ladder. The carbon atoms of the free sugar are numbered 1-5, and the sugar contains two â€Å"ends† that contribute to the synthesizing of the backbone: the 3’ and 5’ ends which connect to the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide. And now since there are the ends, there will always be one 3’ end not attached to a phosphate group and a phosphate group not attached to a 3’ end at the end of the backbone. The sugar-phosphate backbones of the two strands of a double helix are antiparallel, meaning that they run in different directions. 5. Describe the process of DNA replication. a. DNA helicase enzymes separate the parental strands of a chromosome to form replication bubbles. b. Each replication bubble consists of two replication forks, with unwound DNA strands between the forks. c. DNA polymerase enzymes synthesize new pieces of DNA d. DNA helicase moves along the parental DNA double helix, unwinding it and enlarging the replication bubble. DNA polymerases in the replication bu bble synthesize daughter DNA strands. e. DNA ligase joins the small DNA segments into a single daughter strand 6. How do mutations occur? Describe the principle types of mutation. Despite the accuracy ofShow MoreRelatedBio 135 Test Review Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesBIO 135 Test 3 (6,7,8,16) Review Sheet 1. Name the 4 SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 2. What do all types of cartilage have in common? 3. Name the spaces that Chondrocytes are within 4. Name the 3 types of cartilage ï‚ · Where in the body is each type found? 5. Which cartilage has many elastin fibers? 6. What is a cartilage cell called? 7. How does fibrocartilage differ from other cartilage? 8. How does cartilage grow? 9. What gives bone flexibility? 10. What gives bone strength? 11. 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Essay about Jane Eyre - 834 Words

In Charlotte Brontà « Jane Eyre, the main character faces many struggles. One of the struggles she faces is the temptation to run away with the man she loves and be his mistress or to marry a man who offers her the contrary where it would be a legal and highly respectable marriage but with no genuine love. Jane Eyre returns to Rochester because she values love and passion more than reason and when she hears his mysterious voice calling for her, she is also sure that Rochester and her share a spiritual link. Jane must decide between two men who have similar characteristics but are offering her almost exact opposite relationships. Jane must decide between reason and passion which is on of the main themes in the novel. The characteristics of†¦show more content†¦John, on the other hand, is far more convinced that he knows what is truly best for Jane. His plan for her is moral and appeals to her loyalty and idealism about God. He claims her â€Å"not for pleasure† but for his â€Å"Sovereign service.† But Jane must refuse him too because of her strong belief in that there must be love between two people for them to unite in marriage. St. John does not understand Jane’s passionate nature, for him passion is an earthly emotion which must be put aside so that God can be served. He, himself, sacrifices his love for Rosamond Oliver because he thinks she would not make a good missionary’s wife whereas Jane would but he does not truly love her. St. John uses his own ways to try to manipulate Jane but he does also try to use her affection towards him to his advantage. Unlike Rochester, St. John uses religious arguments to try to convince Jane to marry him. He tells her t hat her rejection is not of him but of God. He believes â€Å"it is the cause to God† he advocates and â€Å"it is under His standard† that he enlists Jane. 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Why Do People Fall in Love Free Essays

A question many of us find us asking ourselves in today’s society. Many of us have been hurt by love and therefore have refused to neither use nor believe that there is such a word or feeling that exists in the universe. People fall in love for many reasons; some don’t even know why they end up in love. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do People Fall in Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe people fall in love for three life-based reasons, to expand the self and to increase our abilities and our effectiveness in other words self-expansion, lack of self-dependency, Last but certainly not least they have something good to offer and they want something good in return. I myself have been thru all these stages of â€Å"Love† as we all call it and have come to a conclusion thru my own two eyes and hands on or should I say feelings on experience. The first reason people fall in love is to expand themselves thru other people also known as self-expansion. In his book â€Å"Self-expansion: a NEW! Integrated paradigm for psychology† author Miklos Fodor describes very clearly how people expand themselves with one another. He created a model called Fodormiks Integrated Paradigm for Psychology (FIPP). The model describes many forms of human behavior from sex, religion, problem solving and even intimate relations. Upon reading the first couple of pages of the book I learned that the amount of money where you live and yourself can all affect who you fall in love with. If you’re wealthy you are a target of love to someone who wants to expand their business or find funding for something which the person couldn’t afford on their own. An example of self-expansion is in family’s that are wealthy and both husband and wife own businesses or assets that are in good use with each other. The husbands company makes the leather for her fancy purses. Many people believe that this kind of love is wrong but it’s a form of love in which both parties are happy and successful. Another example of self-expansion is someone who feels they can accomplish more and succeed in life with some besides them. The feeling of being complete motivates the person to pursue a life of fulfillment. Take for instance Romeo and Juliet two lovers who fate was decided by the feelings expressed to each other in self-expansion. The second problem causing reason people fall in love is lack of self-dependency. Many of us witness an individual in a relationship where they are not happy everyone advises them to leave and for some odd reason they claim they are in love. This type of love is brought on by growing up in a harsh unloving family, and they are glued to this person because when they were in distress that person put them at ease to the individual losing someone like that is something they just won’t do. Another reason this love is bought is the person is he/she gets whatever they want while they are with this person for some it could be a meal and the bills paid to others it could be a lavish life-style. A great quote that illustrates well what this person might be feeling is â€Å"I know well what I am fleeing from but not what I am in search of† written by Michel De Montaigne. The person knows the love is wrong but refuses to leave because simply they are afraid of not finding a better love. This quote also points out that the person is lost inside they don’t know what exactly they are here for in life or what exactly it is they are searching for in a relationship. Lack of self-dependency to my opinion is a horrible reason to be in love but many people in the world depend on this love to get them thru, sad to say this is the type of world we live in. The final reason I believe people fall in love is because they have something good to offer and they want something back in return. Now I believe in this love 100% but some say it’s wrong. In today’s society the relationships that work out are relationships in which both parties are offering something to each other. An example of this type of love maybe the wife is a great cook and the husband loves to eat, while in return the husband works on the car clean or does anything to which he believes he can pay the wife for here great cooking. Another way this type of love is manifested in the form of making the significant other feels special. In this type of relationship the trade-offs could range from a number of things, happiness for wealth or wealth for happiness, it could also be a sexual trade off. No matter what in this type of relationship if the person isn’t receiving something in return there is no possible way the relationship is going to work. Some people feel if they love someone more than they love themselves that person to is going to do the same for them, but as we all can see it doesn’t always turn out that way. Some people offer there time, money and efforts to attain the feeling of being loved and end up hurt in the end. I believe all love is false but is used as a way to cope with living with some of life’s hardest decision and it’s always good to have someone by your side thru these times but understanding love can help you attain and reach that level of love and happiness in life. In closing words to the feelings we find ourselves calling love, people fall in love for three life-based purposes to expand the self and to increase our abilities and our effectiveness in other words self-expansion, lack of self-dependency, Last but certainly not least they have something good to offer and they want something good in return. People expand themselves every day in every relationship decision we make or think of making weather done conscious or unconscious the mind has a life of its own and who you fall in love with is determined by many objects and situations surrounding you. Also people fall in love due to what I call lack of self-dependency. It’s a good thing to be in love but make sure it’s a love where both people are benefitting and are happy. Don’t let life’s bad mishaps determine who you fall in love with and the reasons you fall in love. And finally the ultimate reason to fall in love is having something good and offering it to some in returns for a better or equal something. In this love the amount of love you choose to give is the amount of love you get back, you don’t have to ever worry about this love when you encounter it, just embrace close your eyes and never let go. This is the love of feeling of matter of each other’s happiness this is the love I believe that we all should share with each other it would just make things better in the world that we live in. SOURCES http://www. quotegarden. com/self-discovery. html http://www. yoshke. com/2010/02/top-10-reasons-to-fall-in-love/ â€Å"Self-expansion: a NEW! Integrated paradigm for psychology† By Milkos Fodor http://www. 2knowmyself. com/relationship_breakups/why_do_we_fall_in_love How to cite Why Do People Fall in Love, Essays Why Do People Fall in Love Free Essays string(142) " have shorter relationships in our teens is because the things we want to get out of a romantic relationship change as we get a little older\." Why Do People Fall In Love Many researchers actually consider falling in love to be a biologic event. And there are some researchers that can show brain changes using MRI tests to show that there are actual changes in our brain that we think of psychologically but biologically it really is a physiologic change. But when we want to understand what falling in love is — the best concept to understand is the concept called limerance. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do People Fall in Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now Limerance is that period in a relationship of great passion, when we’re almost obsessed with our partner, when we can think of nothing else, when we put our lives on hold to spend time, to pull all-nighters. We daydream about them and when we put our partner on a pedestal. When, everything they say is smart, when we wonder why everybody in the world isn’t in love with our partner. That’s limerance. At a certain point in a relationship, limerance fades. It can only last about 2-3 years. At that point many would misperceive that as falling out of love, but in fact, it’s really a change in the relationship. When the partnership changes from that passionate, exciting, romance, mystery, dangerous period, to one of a stable committed partnership, and by definition, you can’t live up to that level of excitement. And at that point you start to see partner’s flaws, and not everything they say is wonderful and they have some bad habits, and that requires the concept of recognizing that limerance fades, but being in love, and loving somebody does not. So, in order to really establish a good long-term relationship, we understand that falling out of love means just not putting our limits on wanting that passion all the time. is love natural in humans or are we thought to love by experience ? Non scientifically I think you love because you gave yourself to that person. You opened up about everything to them. You trust them, you get along with them, you can’t imagine not living without them there by you. You love because of the bond you created with this person. We’ve all experienced love. We’ve loved (and been loved by) parents, brothers, sisters, friends, even pets. But romantic love is different. It’s an intense, new feeling unlike any of these other ways of loving. Loving and being loved adds richness to our lives. When people feel close to others they are happier and even healthier. Love helps us feel important, understood, and secure. But each kind of love has its own distinctive feel. The kind of love we feel for a parent is different from our love for a baby brother or best friend. And the kind of love we feel in romantic relationships is its own unique type of love. Our ability to feel romantic love develops during adolescence. Teens all over the world notice passionate feelings of attraction. Even in cultures where people are not allowed to act on or express these feelings, they’re still there. It’s a natural part of growing up to develop romantic feelings and sexual attractions to others. These new feelings can be exciting — or even confusing at first. The Magical Ingredients of Love Relationships Love is such a powerful human emotion that experts are constantly studying it. They’ve discovered that love has three main qualities: 1. Attraction is the â€Å"chemistry† part of love. It’s all about the physical — even sexual — interest that two people have in each other. Attraction is responsible for the desire we feel to kiss and hold the object of our affection. Attraction is also what’s behind the flushed, nervous-but-excited way we feel when that person is near. 2. Closeness is the bond that develops when we share thoughts and feelings that we don’t share with anyone else. When you have this feeling of closeness with your boyfriend or girlfriend, you feel supported, cared for, understood, and accepted for who you are. Trust is a big part of this. 3. Commitment is the promise or decision to stick by the other person through the ups and downs of the relationship. These three qualities of love can be combined in different ways to make different kinds of relationships. For example, closeness without attraction is the kind of love we feel for best friends. We share secrets and personal stuff with them, we support them, and they stand by us. But we are not romantically interested in them. Attraction without closeness is more like a crush or infatuation. You’re attracted to someone physically but don’t know the person well enough yet to feel the closeness that comes from sharing personal experiences and feelings. Romantic love is when attraction and closeness are combined. Lots of relationships grow out of an initial attraction (a crush or â€Å"love at first sight†) and develop into closeness. It’s also possible for a friendship to move from closeness into attraction as two people realize their relationship is more than â€Å"just like† and they have become interested in one another in a romantic way. For people falling in love for the first time, it can be hard to tell the difference between the intense, new feelings of physical attraction and the deeper closeness that goes with being in love. Lasting Love or Fun Fling? The third ingredient in a love relationship, commitment, is about wanting and deciding to stay together as a couple in the future — despite any changes and challenges that life brings. Sometimes couples who fall in love in high school develop committed relationships that last. Many relationships don’t last, though. But it’s not because teens aren’t capable of deep loving. We typically have shorter relationships as teens because adolescence is a time when we instinctively seek lots of different experiences and try out different things. It’s all part of discovering who we are, what we value, and what we want out of life. Another reason we tend to have shorter relationships in our teens is because the things we want to get out of a romantic relationship change as we get a little older. You read "Why Do People Fall in Love" in category "Papers" In our teens — especially for guys — relationships are mainly about physical attraction. But by the time guys reach 20 or so, they rate a person’s inner qualities as most important. Teen girls emphasize closeness as most important — although they don’t mind if a potential love interest is cute too! In our teens, relationships are mostly about having fun. Dating can seem like a great way to have someone to go places with and do things with. Dating can also be a way to fit in. If our friends are all dating someone, we might put pressure on ourselves to find a boyfriend or girlfriend too. For some people dating is even a status thing. It can almost seem like another version of cliques: The pressure to go out with the â€Å"right† person in the â€Å"right† group can make dating a lot less fun than it should be — and not so much about love! In our late teens, though, relationships are less about going out to have fun and fitting in. Closeness, sharing, and confiding become more important to both guys and girls. By the time they reach their twenties, most girls and guys value support, closeness, and communication, as well as passion. This is the time when people start thinking about finding someone they can commit to in the long run — a love that will last. What Makes a Good Relationship? When people first experience falling in love, it often starts as attraction. Sexual feelings can also be a part of this attraction. People at this stage might daydream about a crush or a new BF or GF. They may doodle the person’s name or think of their special someone while a particular song is playing. It sure feels like love. But it’s not love yet. It hasn’t had time to grow into emotional closeness that’s needed for love. Because feelings of attraction and sexual interest are new, and they’re directed at a person we want a relationship with, it’s not surprising we confuse attraction with love. It’s all so intense, exciting, and hard to sort out. The crazy intensity of the passion and attraction phase fades a bit after a while. Like putting all our energy into winning a race, this kind of passion is exhilarating but far too extreme to keep going forever. If a relationship is destined to last, this is where closeness enters the picture. The early passionate intensity may fade, but a deep affectionate attachment takes its place. Some of the ways people grow close are: * Learning to give and receive. A healthy relationship is about both people, not how much one person can get from (or give to) the other. * Revealing feelings. A supportive, caring relationship allows people to reveal detail about themselves — their likes and dislikes, dreams and worries, proud moments, disappointments, fears, and weaknesses. * Listening and supporting. When two people care, they offer support when the other person is feeling vulnerable or afraid. They don’t put down or insult their partner, even when they disagree. Giving, receiving, revealing, and supporting is a back-and-forth process: One person shares a detail, then the other person shares something, then the first person feels safe enough to share a little more. In this way, the relationship gradually builds into a place of openness, trust, and support where each partner knows that the other will be there when times are tough. Both feel liked and accepted for who they are. The passion and attraction the couple felt early on in the relationship  isn’t lost. It’s just different. In healthy, long-term relationships, couples often find that intense passion comes and goes at different times. But the closeness is always there. Sometimes, though, a couple loses the closeness. For adults, relationships can sometimes turn into what experts call â€Å"empty love. † This means that the closeness and attraction they once felt is gone, and they stay together only out of commitment. This is not usually a problem for teens, but there are other reasons why relationships end Why Do Relationships End? Love is delicate. It needs to be cared for and nurtured if it is to last through time. Just like friendships, relationships can fail if they are not given enough time and attention. This is one reason why some couples might not last — perhaps someone is so busy with school, extracurricular, and work that he or she has less time for a relationship. Or maybe a relationship ends when people graduate and go to separate colleges or take different career paths. For some teens, a couple may grow apart because the things that are important to them change as they mature. Or maybe each person wants different things out of the relationship. Sometimes both people realize the relationship has reached its end; sometimes one person feels this way when the other does not. Moving On Losing love can be painful for anyone. But if it’s your first real love and the relationship ends before you want it to, feelings of loss can seem overwhelming. Like the feelings of passion early in the relationship, the newness and rawness of grief and loss can be intense — and devastating. There’s a reason why they call it a broken heart. When a relationship ends, people really need support. Losing a first love isn’t something we’ve been emotionally prepared to cope with. It can help to have close friends and family members to lean on. Unfortunately, lots of people — often adults — expect younger people to bounce back and â€Å"just get over it. † If your heart is broken, find someone you can talk to who really understands the pain you’re going through. It seems hard to believe when you’re brokenhearted that you can ever feel better. But gradually these feelings grow less intense. Eventually, people move on to other relationships and experiences. Relationships — whether they last 2 weeks, 2 months, 2 years, or a lifetime — are all opportunities to experience love on its many different levels. We learn both how to love and how to be loved in return. Romance provides us with a chance to discover our own selves as we share with someone new. We learn the things we love about ourselves, the things we’d like to change, and the qualities and values we look for in a partner. Loving relationships teach us self-respect as well as respect for others. Love is one of the most fulfilling things we can have in our lives. If romance hasn’t found you yet, don’t worry — there’s plenty of time. And the right person is worth the wait This felling of love is a very â€Å"raw† effect of pheromones or sexual hormones that we pick up when around other people. Its root lies in the fact that Mother Nature wants us to procreate and suggests that when this â€Å"falling in love† sensation occurs then the individual these feelings are centered around would make a good partner to have offspring with in terms of a healthy offspring. It DOES NOT mean the same person will make a good life partner. Our society seems to place a great deal of significance on this sensation, and tend to co notate it with a mysterious and magical feeling that can only be the allusive concept of love. This is also why we live in a society with such a high divorce rate. Although it would be nice to think this magical and mysterious feeling extends for the rest of our lives and is an indicator that we found our soul mates – the reality is it is nothing more than chemical warfare with the biology of our bodies. What love it is, is a choice – plain and simple. Of course we hope that happy feelings and good times are a natural result of that choice, but this is not required for the choice of love to exist. People who define love based on how they feel are often times in for a bumpy ride with relationships, because when the body changes its biology, or someone else crosses their path with a new set of hormones/pheromones they react to they have the magical mysterious feeling all over again, but for someone new. So my two cents would be to understand â€Å"falling in love† is a term that refers to a very raw biological process, one that is independent and should not affect our conscious decisions as to who is significant in How to cite Why Do People Fall in Love, Essays

Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique

Introduction Psychological assessment is a testing procedure that utilizes a variety of methods to affirm a particular hypothesis about an individual’s demeanor and abilities.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The process is also referred to as â€Å"psychological testing or conducting psychological battery on an individual and is often conducted by a licensed psychologist† (Katz Sanders, 2013, p. 225). Psychological testing should never occur in vacuity. Furthermore, to conduct a successful psychological assessment, a complete medical assessment should be included in the process so that the psychologists performing the test ascertain that the participants’ symptoms are not subject to ailments or medical issues. Several instruments are applicable in determining personality, but this paper will focus o n Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI and its application in determining women who were exposed to sexual violence in their childhood. This paper delves into ethical issues surrounding this assessment and Gardner’s theory of intelligence. It will eventually analyze if MMPI is an effective instrument for identifying women who were exposed to sexual torture during their childhood. Background of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory This instrument and its new second edition MMPI-2 is completed by a candidate, marked, and translated by the assessor. The examiner determines the participant’s personality by comparing the responses of the participant during the examination to those issued by several psychologists and relevant evaluation groups. After evaluating the candidate’s response, the clinicians use the details to determine some uncertain facts about the patient’s adaptation, temperament, and qualities. Most psychologists prefer MMPI-2 to MMPI because it creates an extensive representative population for evaluation (Katz Sanders, 2013).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More John McKinley and Starke Hathaway developed MMPI in the 1930s. Under this instrument, participants are asked to respond to 566 false and true questions so that evaluation can be conducted easily. The initial intent of this assessment technique was to assist physicians identify young patients with mental ailments. Textbooks, individuality examinations as well as psychologists’ reports were analyzed during the formulation of MPPI. The data collected from this analysis was categorized into ten clinical scales and every scale had distinguished diagnostic properties that had been applied in the 1930s. As time progressed, the test developed to new versions because of the adjustments that were often witnessed in psychology (Nicholas, 2011). Ove r the years, MMPI has been helpful in examining symptoms related to slow communal and individual adjustment, evaluating medial clients, formulation of treatment schedules for medical clients as well as in counseling college students as well as job seekers. Furthermore, it has been popularly used in rehabilitation of drug addicts especially, when it comes to preparing a treatment plan (Elliott, 2008). Its application is also popular because its questions can relate with the contemporary patients and physicians and its scoring system can be adjusted. Participants from various linguistic groups can conduct the test since it has been translated to English, Spanish, and Hmong among other languages. Moreover, its community comparative group embodies a large proportion of the modern populace. Apart from community comparative sample comprising of 1,462 women and 1, 138 men, the sample is derived from assorted areas within the United States of America (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994).Advertisi ng We will write a custom assessment sample on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to observe certain aspects when using this instrument especially MMPI-2. Though the tests may be monitored by a licensed clinician or psychiatrist, it is important to communicate to the patient before performing the assessment for impressive results. Furthermore, a professional psychiatrist with experienced in using MMPI-2 must construe the test-taker’s answers. Whilst â€Å"narrative reports prepared in computers are considered as accurate, it is important to assess the contents by on-site experts to personalize the reported results† (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994, p. 137). Computerized scoring as well as supposition is difficult to process and hence, the software programs applied must have a flawless history. Irrespective of how comprehensive the details re ceived from the examiner through the MMPI-2 may appear, it should never be considered as a proxy for clinical interrogations. The clinical interrogations help the assessor to draw credible conclusions that fit the candidate from the various suppositions retrieved from test-taker’s responses. Moreover, physicians can notice vital characters of the patient that the test results did not identify. It is thus important for the examiner to construe the test results after getting the biopsychological background of the candidate (Katz Sanders, 2013). When compared with the Gardener’s theory of intelligence, MMPI reveals notable relevance. MMPI infers that individuality is a multi-faceted occurrence whilst Gardener’s theory also presumes that intelligence is a multi-faceted incidence and hence, showing that intelligence and personality are intertwined (Elliott, 2008).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Gardner hypothesis, intelligence falls into eight classes including interpersonal and musical whilst in MMPI, personality is divided into 10 clinical scales. These clinical degrees are an embodiment of the idiosyncrasies present in the classes of Gadner’s description of intelligence. Some of the clinical scales of MMPI comprise of social nervousness, paranoia, depression and hypomania among others (Elliott, 2008). The definition of interpersonal intelligence is having the aptitude to comprehend the skills, inspiration and skills of other individuals coupled with how to interact with them effectively. Respected leaders and professionals are people who have a high level of interpersonal intelligence. In case they suffered from hypomania or depression, it would directly lower their interpersonal intelligence as well as MMPI marks. The clinical measurements symbolize deviations in the theory of intelligence and if a person is affected by the deviations, not every cla ss of his or her intelligence is affected (Engels, Moisan Harris, 1994). According to a number of studies conducted in the recent years, certain MMPI scores reveal whether a woman was sexually molested in their childhood or not. The examinations affirmed that women who experienced sexual abuse in their childhood always received high marks in specific clinical scales. Victims of sexual molestation often had higher scores than the community comparison group when it came to responding to questions related to dejection, psychopathic digresses, and hypochondriasis. The personality and behavioral traits of women with such disheartening background comprised of antipathy, feelings of despair, mistrust, unsociable, confrontational, low self-confidence, anxiety and did not believe in the existence of long-lasting relationships (Katz Sanders, 2013). Although the researches had disparate target and controlled populace, the results of MMPI scores successfully distinguished the targeted group f rom the controlled populations. In another the study, the normative group had 25 women who never had a history of sexual molestation whilst the target group comprised of 26 women who were admitted that they were sexually abused when they were children. However, the limitations of this study were that all the participants were below the age of fifty and had a yearly income below $100, 000. Furthermore, none of the candidates came from another race except white with English as their native language. The least educated participant in the study was a high school graduate (Elliott, 2008). Another study used the updated form of MMPI, viz. MMPI-2, which collects 1,138 men and 462 women residing in different parts of America and with a minimum age of 18 and a maximum 80 years as its participants. This revised form of MPPI was extensive in nature as it incorporated people from various ethnic communities, topographical locations, socioeconomic status, marital status as well as religious belie fs (Nicholas, 2011). Although this second study used the MMPI-2 assessment instrument, all the participants were Caucasians, with a maximum age of sixty and a maximum income of $30,000 on an annual basis. In the third research, neither the control group nor the community comparison group was utilized when evaluating the response of the test-takers. The participants comprised of women below the age of 53 and married. Moreover, the women were native English speakers, white, and underwent a medical therapy tests before participating in the assessment (Follette et al., 1997). Despite the disparities witnessed when conducting researches, they recorded similar marks in the MMPI test. There target population did also not represent the entire society. The studies infer that MMPI is only effective in identifying individuals who have been sexually molested but it should never be used as a diagnostic instrument. These studies had common limitations. Apart from the participants only being from a single gender, they were derived from a particular ethnic group and they were only native English speakers. The least level of education that was preferred by the researchers was a high school diploma and they were biased when in the selection of age, as most participants were 53 years old or below. Since the MPPI instrument excluded a huge portion of the populace in the assessment, it implies that the results of specific community may typify the childhood sexual molestation however, if the test is applied on an individual excluded in the controlled population, MPPI could false information about the client’s sexual abuse history (Elliott, 2008). The psychometric characteristics of this instrument when applied in a specific controlled population, the outcomes were analogous. Victims of sexual abuse recorded an average of 15 points according to how they responded to question related to dejection, psychopathic digress as well as hypochondriasis. The psychometrics did not effec tively exemplify the type and amount of therapy the clients underwent prior to the assessment. The magnitude of therapy can highly manipulate the outcome of the MMPI assessment because therapy averts some of the feelings that childhood sexual abuse victims have (Katz Sanders, 2013). Irrespective of how effective MMPI may appear in identifying sex abuse victims, it should not be used to assess a whole society. Perhaps the success of MMPI in these studies was promoted by the fact that the researchers focused on white women who were educated and had high socioeconomic status. This aspect raises many questions such as what would have been the impact if the controlled population and normative group represented an entire society. A society is composed of people with different personality, beliefs, and socioeconomic status. It is hence, predictable that these factors would have influenced the results of the MMPI scores. If researchers and medical experts eliminate these biases so that the ir participants represent almost every individual in the society, then using MMPI as an instrument of identifying victims of childhood sexual abuse will be reliable (Follette et al., 1997). The morality of MMPI is not in doubt. This instrument is ethical since it possesses numerous disparities that represent a particular community. It is also written in various formats and the tests are contemporarily prepared to fifth grade reading standard thus enabling many people to participate in the tests easily. Moreover, it accommodates test-takers who speak other languages apart from English. The tests are in a manner that candidates as well as examiners can easily understand. Nonetheless, ethical issues that are not comprehensively tackled by this assessment instrument include the conduct of the clinicians when providing the tests or the incidence whereby a patient may be given a format that is unpleasant to him or her (Nicholas, 2011). Moreover, there is an ethical issue, which is importa nt but has not been considered, viz. the probability of a clinician using the test for diagnostic purposes instead of analysis. It is important for clinician, psychologists and researchers to note that MMPI was developed and structured in a way that it aids examiners with essential information, which can be used to counsel the test-taker on the best decision he or she can make concerning a particular issue; for instance, a job or treatment plan (Katz Sanders, 2013). Conclusion Clinicians, psychologists, psychiatrists and other medical experts use the data collected from psychological tests to create a detailed and full image of the patient. Administers of the assessments often issue recommendations depending on the results of the tests and information retrieved from friends and family members of the candidate. Medical experts should evaluate and tackle all differences that exist in the findings before drawing a conclusion. Nevertheless, there is no assessment that is flawless when it comes to identifying a person’s behavior or past. MMPI is among the best instrument for personality assessment that can be used to determine childhood sexual abuse victims. However, there are certain adjustments that should be made concerning ethical considerations to make it even a better instrument for personality assessment. References Elliott, M A. (2008). The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2 and  MMPI-A) and victims of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the literature. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory Research, 36(2), 25-37. Engels, M., Moisan, D., Harris, R. (1994). MMPI indices of childhood trauma among  110 female outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(1), 135-39. Follette, W., Naugle, E., Follette, V. (1997). MMPI-2 profiles of adult women with child  sexual abuse histories: Cluster-analytic findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 858-866. Katz, S., Sanders, J. (2013). The overus e and misuse of psychological testing:  Why less is more. American Journal of Family Law, 28(4), 221-226. Nicholas, D. (2011). Essentials of MMPI-2 Assessment. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley   Sons. This assessment on Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique was written and submitted by user Fernando Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hope Inema Essays - Gender Role, Human Behavior, Role Theory, Gender

Hope Inema Essays - Gender Role, Human Behavior, Role Theory, Gender Hope Inema Bridget Keating WGST 100 December 2, 2016 Portfolio: XX Chromosomes For this assignment, I chose to write a poem about women. Women and Gender Studies as a course, focuses mostly on women and their place in society. It is however saddening, that such an accumulation of knowledge leads to an understanding and cruel reality of who women are in this world. It is a shame after all these years, to still see how women still have a hard time finding themselves in society; defining their goals and have the ability to achieve them regardless of the movements that say to have established equality and Rights for women. The first stanza of my poem focuses primarily on a set of questions that are often asked in my culture when a girl/woman steps out of her comfort zone which is seen as an abomination to society. An example I give is for instance, wearing a short/mini skirt as you get ready to step out of the house which in my culture is absolute insanity to have the audacity to wear short clothing whereas initially, the parents will then say "Go back and change that skirt, now!" If for any reason, that girl happened to get raped, most people would blame her clothing as the main cause of the tragedy instead of the person having committed the act of rape and word on the street would be that the victim was asking for it by dressing in such a manner. The second stanza of XX Chromosomes takes part in comparing men and women and how women get looked down on in society. In my culture, when a woman is educated enough about sex to discuss it freely, she is looked down upon and considered to have a "hunger of sex" whilst when it is the other way around, men are praised and believed to have "sexual appeal" or to be "intelligent". The third stanza calls for awareness to establish equality and stop misogyny as it describes women's pain and fears. The fourth stanza brings out the agony of women having their bodies despised and especially their vaginas. Yes, I said "vaginas" and that's the issue. Society feels like there should be a need to censor the word "vagina" because it is somewhat "vulgar" or the body part itself is considered "disgusting" because that is what society has been socialized to believe it is. It is absolutely agonizing to think that someone could have such a thought about a woman and her body when they were given birth to by one. The fifth stanza begs for women to have a definition in society and especially in my culture as their identification is linked to other people's like for instance, bearing your father's daughter as a title instead of your given name. It clarifies that the poem is more about standing for action rather than defining the problem and waiting for someone else to think about the solution before anything can be done about it. The last stanza stands for unity as we defy the remaining crumbs of injustice against women all over the world who still suffer silently; muffled up by the cycle of wrong-doings. It notifies that the time to act is now and that together unified, women are unstoppable. It points out how because of the injustice against women, some of them go under without ever being able to achieve their dreams and reach their goals while also pointing at the fact that some of their complaints are thrown right under the bus and a good example would be in this case, in the movie 'North Country' when single mother Josey, takes matters in her hand and decides to stand up against sexual harassment in the workplace but fails so many times to get across because she is undermined. Last but not least, the video at the end of my project, is a visual of the poem as words may not have the same effect on paper as opposed to actual sound. The video brings all the emotions to life as the words make more sense having a voice. The music in the background brings out the motion of the poem and how saddening the subject is. It is mainly

Battle of Trenton in the American Revolution

Battle of Trenton in the American Revolution The Battle of Trenton was fought December 26, 1776, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). General George Washington commanded 2,400 men against a garrison of about 1,500 Hessian mercenaries under the command of Colonel Johann Rall. Background Having been defeated in the battles for New York City, General George Washington and the remnants of the Continental Army retreated across New Jersey in the late fall of 1776. Vigorously pursued by the British forces under Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, the American commander sought to gain the protection afforded by the Delaware River. As they retreated, Washington faced a crisis as his battered army began to disintegrate through desertions and expiring enlistments. Crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December, he made camp and attempted to reinvigorate his shrinking command. Badly reduced, the Continental Army was poorly supplied and ill-equipped for winter, with many of the men still in summer uniforms or lacking shoes. In a stroke of luck for Washington, General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander, ordered a halt to the pursuit on December 14 and directed his army to enter winter quarters. In doing so, they established a series of outposts across northern New Jersey. Consolidating his forces in Pennsylvania, Washington was reinforced by around 2,700 men on December 20 when two columns, led by Major Generals John Sullivan and Horatio Gates, arrived. Washingtons Plan With the morale of the army and public ebbing, Washington believed that an audacious act was required to restore confidence and help boost enlistments. Meeting with his officers, he proposed a surprise attack on the Hessian garrison at Trenton for December 26. This decision was informed by a wealth of intelligence provided by spy John Honeyman, who had been posing as a Loyalist in Trenton. For the operation, he intended to cross the river with 2,400 men and march south against the town. This main body was to be supported by Brigadier General James Ewing and 700 Pennsylvania militia, which were to cross at Trenton and seize the bridge over Assunpink Creek to prevent enemy troops from escaping. In addition to the strikes against Trenton, Brigadier General John Cadwalader and 1,900 men were to make a diversionary attack on Bordentown, NJ. If the overall operation proved a success, Washington hoped to make similar attacks against Princeton and New Brunswick. At Trenton, the Hessian garrison of 1,500 men was commanded by Colonel Johann Rall. Having arrived at the town on December 14, Rall had rejected his officers advice to build fortifications. Instead, he believed that his three regiments would be able to defeat any attack in open combat. Though he publicly dismissed intelligence reports that the Americans were planning an attack, Rall did request reinforcements and asked that a garrison be established at Maidenhead (Lawrenceville) to protect the approaches to Trenton. Crossing the Delaware Combating rain, sleet, and snow, Washingtons army reached the river at McKonkeys Ferry on the evening of December 25. Behind schedule, they were ferried across by Colonel John Glovers Marblehead regiment using Durham boats for the men and larger barges for the horses and artillery. Crossing with Brigadier General Adam Stephens brigade, Washington was among the first to reach the New Jersey shore. Here a perimeter was established around the bridgehead to protect the landing site. Having completed the crossing around 3 a.m., they began their march south toward Trenton. Unknown to Washington, Ewing was unable to make the crossing due to the weather and heavy ice on  the river. In addition, Cadwalader had succeeded in moving his men across the water but returned to Pennsylvania when he was unable to move his artillery. A Swift Victory Sending out advance parties, the army moved south together until reaching Birmingham. Here Major General Nathanael Greenes division turned inland to attack Trenton from the north while Sullivans division moved along the river road to strike from the west and south. Both columns approached the outskirts of Trenton shortly before 8 a.m.  on December 26. Driving in the Hessian pickets, Greenes men opened the attack and drew enemy troops north from the river road. While Greenes men blocked the escape routes to Princeton, Colonel Henry Knoxs artillery deployed at the heads of King and Queen Streets.  As the fighting continued, Greenes division began to push the Hessians into the town. Taking advantage of the open river road, Sullivans men entered Trenton from the west and south and sealed off the bridge over Assunpink Creek. As the Americans attacked, Rall attempted to rally his regiments. This saw the Rall and Lossberg regiments form on lower King Street while the Knyphausen regiment occupied Lower Queen Street. Sending his regiment up King, Rall directed the Lossberg Regiment to advance up Queen toward the enemy. On King Street, the Hessian attack was defeated by Knoxs guns and heavy fire from Brigadier General Hugh Mercers brigade. An attempt to bring two three-pounder cannon into action quickly saw half the Hessian gun crews killed or wounded and the guns captured by Washingtons men. A similar fate befell the Lossberg regiment during its assault up Queen Street. Falling back to a field outside of town with the remnants of the Rall and Lossberg regiments, Rall began a counterattack against the American lines. Suffering heavy losses, the Hessians were defeated and their commander fell mortally wounded. Driving the enemy back into a nearby orchard, Washington surrounded the survivors and forced their surrender. The third Hessian formation, the Knyphausen regiment, attempted to escape over the Assunpink Creek bridge. Finding it blocked by the Americans, they were quickly surrounded by Sullivans men. Following a failed breakout attempt, they surrendered shortly after their compatriots. Though Washington wished to immediately follow up the victory with an attack on Princeton, he elected to withdraw back across the river after learning that Cadwalader and Ewing had failed to make the crossing. Aftermath In the operation against Trenton, Washingtons losses were  four men killed and eight wounded, while the Hessians suffered 22 killed and 918 captured. Around 500 of Ralls command were able to escape during the fighting. Though a minor engagement relative to the size of the forces involved, the victory at Trenton had a massive effect on the colonial war effort. Instilling a new confidence in the army and the Continental Congress, the triumph at Trenton bolstered public morale and increased enlistments. Stunned by the American victory, Howe ordered Cornwallis to advance on Washington with around 8,000 men. Re-crossing the river on December 30, Washington united his command and prepared to face the advancing enemy. The resulting campaign saw the armies square off at Assunpink Creek before culminating with an American triumph at the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. Flush with victory, Washington wished to continue attacking up the chain of British outposts in New Jersey. After assessing his tired armys condition, Washington instead decided to move north and enter winter quarters at Morristown.